Stop Spying Bosses Act

This Act may be cited as the “Stop Spying Bosses Act”.

For purposes of this Act:

(1) Administrator.— The term Administrator means the Administrator of the Worker Protection and Technology Division established under section 6.

(2) Aggregated data.— The term aggregated data means data with respect to covered individuals of an employer that the employer has combined or collected together in a summary or other form that prevents the identification of any specific individual.

(3) Applicant.— The term applicant, with respect to an employer, means an individual who applies, or applied, to be employed by, or otherwise perform work for remuneration for, the employer.

(4) Automated decision system.—

(A) In general.— The term automated decision system means any system, software, or process (including such a system, software, or process derived from machine learning, statistics, or other data processing or artificial intelligence techniques) that—

(i) uses computation to produce a prediction, score, ranking, recommendation, decision, evaluation, metric, conclusion, inference, or profile; and

(ii) is not passive computing infrastructure.

(B) Passive computing infrastructure.— For purposes of this paragraph, the term passive computing infrastructure means any intermediary technology that does not influence or determine the outcome of a decision, make or aid in a decision (including through evaluations, metrics, or scoring), inform policy implementation, or collect data or observations, including web hosting, domain registration, networking, caching, data storage, or cybersecurity.

(5) Biometric information.—

(A) In general.— The term biometric information means any information generated from the technological processing of an individual’s unique biological, physical, or physiological characteristics that is linked or reasonably linkable to an individual, including—

(i) fingerprints;

(ii) voice prints;

(iii) iris or retina scans;

(iv) facial or hand mapping, geometry, or templates; or

(v) gait or personally identifying physical movements.

(B) Exclusion.— The term biometric information does not include—

(i) a digital or physical photograph;

(ii) an audio or video recording; or

(iii) information generated from a digital or physical photograph, or an audio or video recording, that cannot be used to identify an individual.

(6) Collect.— The term collect means, with respect to employee data, to buy, rent, gather, obtain, receive, access, or otherwise acquire employee data by any means.

(7) Covered individual.— The term covered individual, with respect to an employer, means an individual—

(A) who is employed by, or otherwise performing work for remuneration for the employer, including such an individual who is—

(i) any individual performing work for remuneration for an employer described in clauses (i)(I) and (ii) of paragraph (9)(A);

(ii) any individual performing work for remuneration for an entity described in clauses (i)(II) and (ii) of paragraph (9)(A);

(iii) any individual performing work for remuneration for an employing office described in clauses (i)(III) and (ii) of paragraph (9)(A);

(iv) any individual performing work for remuneration for an employing office described in clauses (i)(IV) and (ii) of paragraph (9)(A); or

(v) any individual performing work for remuneration for an employing agency described in clauses (i)(V) and (ii) of paragraph (9)(A) who is not covered under clause (iv); or

(B) who is an applicant to the employer.

(8) Employ.— The term employ has the meaning given such term in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203).

(9) Employer.—

(A) In general.— The term employer means any person who is—

(i)

(I) a covered employer who is not described in any other subclause of this clause;

(II) an entity employing a State employee described in section 304(a) of the Government Employee Rights Act of 1991 (42 U.S.C. 2000e–16c(a));

(III) an employing office, as defined in section 101 of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1301);

(IV) an employing office, as defined in section 411(c) of title 3, United States Code; or

(V) an employing agency covered under subchapter V of chapter 63 of title 5, United States Code; and

(ii) engaged in commerce (including government), or an industry or activity affecting commerce (including government).

(B) Covered employer.— In subparagraph (A), the term covered employer—

(i) means any person engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting commerce who employs or otherwise engages for the performance of work for remuneration, 11 or more covered individuals;

(ii) includes—

(I) any person who acts, directly or indirectly, in the interest of a covered employer in relation to any individual performing work for remuneration for such covered employer;

(II) any successor in interest of a covered employer;

(III) any public agency; and

(IV) the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress; and

(iii) does not include any labor organization (other than when acting as an employer) or anyone acting in the capacity of officer or agent of such labor organization.

(C) Public agency.— For purposes of this paragraph, a public agency shall be considered to be a person engaged in commerce or in an industry or activity affecting commerce.

(D) Definitions.— For purposes of this paragraph, the terms commerce, person, and public agency have the meanings given the terms in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203).

(10) Employee data.— The term employee data, with respect to a covered individual, means any information that identifies, relates to, describes, is reasonably capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with the covered individual, regardless of how the information is collected, inferred, or obtained, including—

(A) personally identifiable information with respect to the covered individual, including any name, contact information, government-issued identification number, financial information, criminal background, location information, photographs, biometric information, or employment history associated with the covered individual; and

(B) any information related to the workplace activities with respect to the covered individual, including—

(i) human resources information, including the contents of a personnel file or performance evaluation;

(ii) work process information, such as productivity and efficiency information and information on breaks;

(iii) information that captures workplace communications and interactions, including emails, texts, internal message boards, and customer interaction and ratings;

(iv) device usage and information, including calls placed or precise geolocation information;

(v) audio-video information and other information collected from sensors, including movement tracking, images, videos, and thermal-sensor information;

(vi) biometric information;

(vii) information from a personality test taken by a covered individual, including such a test given electronically at the beginning of or during a work shift;

(viii) inputs for an automated decision system or any automated decision system output;

(ix) information that is collected or generated to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID–19, or to comply with any public health measure; and

(x) online information, including a covered individual’s internet protocol address, private social media activity, or other digital sources or unique identifiers associated with a covered individual.

(11) Government entity.— The term government entity means—

(A) a Federal agency (as such term is defined in section 3371 of title 5, United States Code);

(B) a State or political subdivision thereof;

(C) any agency, authority, or instrumentality of a State or political subdivision thereof; or

(D) a Tribal government or political subdivision thereof.

(12) Indian Tribe.— The term Indian Tribe means any Indian or Alaska Native tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, community, component band, or component reservation individually identified (including parenthetically) in the list published most recently as of the date of enactment of this Act pursuant to section 104 of the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 5131).

(13) Labor organization.— The term labor organization has the meaning given the term in section 2(5) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152(5)), except that such term shall also include—

(A) any organization composed of labor organizations, such as a labor union federation or a State or municipal labor body; and

(B) any organization which would be included in the definition for such term under such section 2(5) but for the fact that the organization represents—

(i) individuals employed by the United States, any wholly owned Government corporation, any Federal Reserve Bank, or any State or political subdivision thereof;

(ii) individuals employed by persons subject to the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.); or

(iii) individuals employed as agricultural laborers.

(14) Periodic assessment of worker performance.— The term periodic assessment of worker performance means assessing worker performance over the course of units of time equal to or greater than one calendar day.

(15) Precise geolocation information.—

(A) In general.— The term precise geolocation information means information that is derived from a device or technology that reveals the past or present physical location of an individual or a device that identifies or is linked or reasonably linkable to 1 or more individuals, with sufficient precision to identify street level location information of the individual or device or the location of the individual or device within a range of 1,850 feet or less.

(B) Exclusion.— The term precise geolocation information does not include information described in subparagraph (A) identifiable or derived solely from the visual content of a legally obtained image, including the location of the device that captured such image.

(16) Predispute arbitration agreement.— The term predispute arbitration agreement means any agreement to arbitrate a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the making of the agreement.

(17) Predispute joint-action waiver.— The term predispute joint-action waiver means an agreement, whether or not part of a predispute arbitration agreement, that would prohibit, or waive the right of, one of the parties to the agreement to participate in a joint, class, or collective action in a judicial, arbitral, administrative, or other forum, concerning a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the making of the agreement.

(18) Secretary.— The term Secretary means the Secretary of Labor.

(19) Sell.— The term sell, with respect to employee data, means the transfer of such employee data for monetary consideration or for a thing of value.

(20) Service provider.— The term service provider, with respect to an employer, means a person that—

(A) collects, processes, conveys, or maintains employee data with respect to such employer only at the direction of, in accordance with the direction of, and pursuant to a written contract with the employer (including any terms of service or service agreements);

(B) does not earn revenue from such collection, processing, conveyance, or maintenance of such employee data, except from the employer by providing contracted services to the employer with regard to such collection, processing, conveyance, or maintenance of such employee data; and

(C) does not combine or link data associated with such employer with data associated with another employer.

(21) State.— The term State means each of the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States.

(22) State attorney general.— The term State attorney general means—

(A) with respect to a State, the attorney general or chief law enforcement officer of the State, or another official or agency designated by the State to bring civil actions on behalf of the State or the residents of the State; and

(B) with respect to a Tribal government, the attorney general or chief law enforcement officer of the Tribal government, or another official or agency designated by the Tribal government to bring civil actions on behalf of the Tribal government or the Indian Tribe of the Tribal government.

(23) State privacy regulator.— The term State privacy regulator means—

(A) the chief consumer protection officer of a State; or

(B) a State consumer protection agency with expertise in data protection, including the California Privacy Protection Agency.

(24) Technologist.— The term technologist means an individual with experience in fields related to computational technology, or the technology industry that produces computational technology, such as advertising technology, application development, artificial intelligence, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, digital forensics, human-centered design, product management, prototyping, service design, socio-technical systems, software engineering, user experience, or privacy rights, civil liberties, or civil rights related to technology.

(25) Third party.— The term third party, with respect to an employer, means a person or entity that is not—

(A) such employer;

(B) a service provider of such employer with respect to the employee data being transferred; or

(C) a government entity.

(26) Transfer.— The term transfer, with respect to employee data, means releasing, sharing, leasing, disseminating, disclosing, making available, or otherwise causing to be communicated such employee data.

(27) Tribal government.— The term Tribal government means the recognized governing body of an Indian Tribe.

(28) Work-related decision.— The term work-related decision includes a decision by an employer with regard to—

(A) hiring or engaging a covered individual (including any decision with regard to recruiting, screening, interviewing, reviewing, or selecting an applicant);

(B) firing, retaining, taking a disciplinary action against, demoting, deactivating, or reassigning duties of a covered individual; or

(C) any other term, condition, or privilege of employment or other work of the covered individual, such as relating to wages, wage setting, work hours, scheduling, attendance requirements, workload, performance standards, assignment of work, access to work and training opportunities, productivity requirements, promotion, workplace health and safety, health care or long-term care coverage, or other benefits.

(a) Employee data collection and usage prohibitions.—

(1) In general.— Except as otherwise required by law, an employer or, as applicable, a service provider of the employer may not collect or use employee data—

(A) to identify any covered individual to determine if they have or intend to form, join, assist, or seek to form, join, or assist, a labor organization;

(B) to monitor the activities of any covered individual concerning or related to a labor organization or with respect to engaging in protected concerted activity;

(C) to ascertain any political opinion or activity, religious view, or other identity marker of the covered individual, that is unrelated to the performance of the job duties of the covered individual for the employer;

(D) to identify the health status, any health condition, or disability status of a covered individual that is unrelated to the performance of the job duties of the covered individual for the employer;

(E) to ascertain the immigration status of a covered individual;

(F) to monitor the activities of any covered individual concerning or related to reporting the employer, or a third party or service provider of the employer, for a violation of any other law, including monitoring for purposes of identifying a covered individual who has reported or intends to report the employer or such a third party or service provider;

(G) to predict any behavior, emotion, or belief of a covered individual that is unrelated to the work of the covered individual for the employer; or

(H) to threaten the mental or physical health of the covered individual.

(2) Off-duty employee data collection.— An employer or, as applicable, a service provider of the employer may not collect employee data regarding a covered individual while the covered individual is off-duty, including when the covered individual is off-duty in—

(A) a break room or in a sensitive area, such as a restroom or locker room;

(B) a location provided for the covered individual to express breast milk;

(C) a location provided for the covered individual to pray or participate in a religious activity; or

(D) the home of the covered individual or an alternative location where work is performed that is not the worksite of employer.

(b) Permissible employee data collection.— An employer or, as applicable, a service provider of the employer may collect employee data with respect to a covered individual only if—

(1) the collection of employee data is not otherwise prohibited by subsection (a);

(2) the employee data is primarily used—

(A) to allow the covered individual to accomplish an essential job function;

(B) to ensure the quality of goods and services;

(C) to conduct a periodic assessment of worker performance;

(D) to ensure compliance with employment, labor, or other relevant laws;

(E) to protect the health, safety, or security of a covered individual or the security of the a facility or computer network of the employer; or

(F) to administer wages or benefits to a covered individual;

(3) the employee data is collected and used solely for a purpose disclosed by the employer in accordance with section 4(a)(1)(G);

(4) the collection of employee data is strictly necessary to accomplish such a purpose, exclusively used to accomplish the purpose, and is the least invasive means to the covered individual that could be used to accomplish the purpose;

(5) the collection of employee data is limited to the fewest covered individuals needed for such collection;

(6) the least amount of employee data is collected;

(7) employee data is collected no more frequently than is necessary to accomplish the purpose; and

(8) the employee data is only retained by the employer or, as applicable, the service provider for only as long as it is reasonably necessary for the purpose and, except as otherwise required to be retained by law, is deleted by the employer on the date that is 3 years after the date of—

(A) the separation of the covered individual from employment by or engagement for work with the employer; or

(B) in the case of a covered individual who is an applicant that was not employed by or otherwise engaged for work for remuneration by the employer, the discontinuation of the application process of the covered individual.

(c) Transfer of employee data.—

(1) Prohibition on selling.— An employer or, as applicable, a service provider of the employer may not sell or license employee data on a covered individual to any person (including a service provider of the employer).

(2) Transfer restrictions to a service provider.— Except as otherwise required by law, an employer or, as applicable, a service provider of the employer may not transfer employee data on a covered individual to any service provider of the employer unless, for each instance of a transfer—

(A) the employer or the service provider making the transfer—

(i) discloses the transfer to the covered individual; and

(ii) provides cybersecurity protections and encryption for the employee data; and

(B) the covered individual opts in to the instance of the transfer.

(3) Transfer prohibition to a third party.— An employer or, as applicable, a service provider of the employer may not transfer employee data on a covered individual to a third party, except as otherwise required by law.

(d) Employer contracts with service providers that collect employee data.— A service provider of an employer that collects or uses employee data regarding covered individuals of the employer shall include in any contract between the employer and service provider entered into after the effective date of this section an agreement to comply with the requirements of this section.

(e) Effective date.— This section shall take effect on the date that is 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act.

(a) In general.— An employer shall disclose, in accordance with subsections (b) and (c), to each covered individual and publish in a manner that is conspicuous, freely accessible, and readily available for viewing by any such covered individual of the employer (including on the internet in a manner that is freely accessible and machine readable (in a form prescribed by the Secretary))—

(1) any employee data collected on the covered individual by the employer, including—

(A) what employee data are being collected;

(B) how the employee data are being collected;

(C) where and when the employee data are being collected;

(D) the frequency of the employee data collection;

(E) where the employee data is stored;

(F) who has access to the employee data;

(G) the purposes for which the employee data are being collected and used; and

(H) as applicable, the identity of any third party or service provider—

(i) used for such employee data collection;

(ii) to which employee data is transferred; and

(iii) from which employee data of the covered individual is or may be purchased or acquired; and

(2) how such employee data affects work-related decisions by the employer, including with regard to the assessment of the performance and productivity of the covered individual.

(b) Timing of disclosure.—

(1) Initial disclosure.— An employer shall provide the disclosure required under subsection (a) as follows:

(A) Covered individuals other than applicants.— With respect to covered individuals other than applicants, in the case of—

(i) such a covered individual hired by the employer on or after the effective date of this section, to the covered individual upon hiring the covered individual; or

(ii) such a covered individual who is employed by, or otherwise performing work for remuneration for, the employer on such effective date but was hired before such effective date, to the covered individual not later than 30 days after such effective date.

(B) Applicants.— With respect to a covered individual who is an applicant on or after the effective date of this section, to such an applicant before the employer accepts an application by the applicant to be employed by, or otherwise perform work for remuneration for, the employer.

(2) Updated disclosures.— With respect to a covered individual who received a disclosure under paragraph (1)(A) by an employer or a covered individual who received a disclosure under paragraph (1)(B) by an employer and is still in the applicant process, the employer shall provide an updated disclosure to the covered individual—

(A) not less than 7 days before implementing changes to practices disclosed in the disclosure; or

(B) immediately upon any new information required to be provided in such a disclosure becoming available.

(c) Procedures for disclosure.— An employer shall provide the disclosure required under subsection (a) in a manner required by the Administrator that is—

(1) accessible to people with disabilities;

(2) in plain language and in the primary language of the covered individual provided the disclosure;

(3) in writing and available electronically;

(4) tailored to the purpose of the disclosure;

(5) tailored to the job functions of the covered individual; and

(6) tailored to the level of risk.

(d) Effective date.— This section shall take effect on the date that is 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act.

(a) Employee data access and correction.—

(1) In general.— An employer shall enable a covered individual (in a manner that verifies and protects the identity of the covered individual), upon request by the covered individual or as provided in subsection (b), to—

(A) not later than 30 days after such request or as provided in such subsection, obtain any employee data collected by the employer on the covered individual; and

(B) in accordance with procedures established by the Administrator, have any such employee data that is incomplete or erroneous updated or corrected at any time.

(2) Rule of interpretation.— The failure of a covered individual to make a request under paragraph (1) shall not be interpreted to provide a defense for the employer of the covered individual with respect to any allegation of a violation of any requirement under this Act by the employer.

(b) Work-Related decisions.— An employer that makes a work-related decision with regard to a covered individual using employee data—

(1) shall, upon alerting the covered individual about such work-related decision, disclose to the covered individual the categories of employee data used to make the work-related decision; and

(2) shall, for not less than 7 days after such disclosure, enable the covered individual to—

(A) review such employee data of the covered individual and related aggregated data for other similarly situated covered individuals of the employer;

(B) in accordance with the procedures described in subsection (a)(1)(B), have any employee data described in paragraph (1) that is incomplete or erroneous updated or corrected; and

(C) request that the employer reconsider the work-related decision based on the updated or corrected employee data.

(c) Effective date.— This section shall take effect on the date that is 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act.

(a) In general.— There is established in the Department of Labor the Worker Protection and Technology Division.

(b) Administrator of the Worker Protection and Technology Division.— The President shall appoint an Administrator of the Worker Protection and Technology Division to head the Privacy and Technology Division.

(c) Employees and advisory boards of the Division.—

(1) In general.— The Administrator—

(A) may select, appoint, and employ, without regard to the provisions of sections 3309 through 3318 of title 5, United States Code, individuals, including technologists, directly to positions in the competitive service, as defined in section 2102 of such title, to carry out the duties of the Administrator under this Act; and

(B) may fix the compensation of the individuals described in subparagraph (A) without regard to chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code, relating to classification of positions and General Schedule pay rates, except that the rate of pay for such individuals may not exceed the rate payable for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of that title.

(2) Advisory boards.—

(A) Establishment.— The Administrator shall establish advisory boards to advise and consult with in the exercise of the functions of the Administrator under this Act and to provide information on emerging practices relating to the treatment of employee data by employers that are the following:

(i) The User Advisory Board, which shall be composed of experts in consumer protection, privacy, civil rights, disability law, labor organizations, and ethics.

(ii) The Research Advisory Board, which shall be composed of individuals with academic and research expertise in privacy, cybersecurity, computer science, innovation, design, ethics, economics, law, disability law, labor organizations and public policy and representatives of labor organizations.

(iii) The Product Advisory Board, which shall be composed of technologists, computer scientists, designers, product managers, attorneys, representatives of labor organizations, workplace technology experts, and other representatives of employers and employees.

(iv) The Labor Advisory Board, which shall be composed of representatives of labor organizations and representatives of workers.

(B) Appointments.— The Administrator shall appoint members to the advisory boards established under subparagraph (A) without regard to party affiliation.

(C) Meetings.— Each advisory board established under subparagraph (A) shall meet—

(i) at the call of the Administrator; and

(ii) not less than 2 times annually.

(D) Compensation and travel expenses.— A member of an advisory board established under subparagraph (A) who is not an officer or employee of the Federal Government shall—

(i) be entitled to receive compensation at a rate fixed by the Administrator while attending meetings of the advisory board, including travel time; and

(ii) receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with applicable provisions under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code.

(E) Exemption from the Federal Advisory Committee Act.— Each advisory board established under subparagraph (A) shall be exempt from chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the “Federal Advisory Committee Act”).

(3) Use of voluntary services.— The Administrator may, as may from time to time be needed, use any voluntary or uncompensated services.

(4) Attorneys.— Attorneys appointed under this subsection may appear for and represent the Administrator in any litigation.

(d) Offices.—

(1) In general.— The principal office of the Worker Protection and Technology Division shall be in the District of Columbia.

(2) Regional, local, and other offices.— The Administrator may establish regional, local, or other offices, including an office in the city of San Francisco, California, or the San Francisco Bay area in California.

(e) Orders and guidance.—

(1) In general.— The Secretary, acting through the Administrator and the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division, may issue orders and guidance, as may be necessary or appropriate to enable the Secretary to carry out the purposes and objectives of this Act, and to prevent evasions thereof.

(2) Consultation.— In issuing orders and guidance authorized under this subsection, the Secretary, acting through the Administrator and the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division, may consult with Federal agencies that have jurisdiction over Federal privacy laws or expertise in privacy, including the Federal Trade Commission, and Federal agencies that have jurisdiction over labor and employment issues, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, the National Mediation Board, and the Merit Systems Protection Board.

(a) In general.—

(1) Authority.—

(A) In general.— Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary, acting through the Administrator in consultation with the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division, may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this Act with respect to covered individuals described in section 2(7)(A) (other than covered individuals described in clauses (iii) through (v) of such section) and other individuals affected by employers described in subclause (I) or (II) of section 2(9)(A)(i), including individuals who are covered individuals described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to such employers.

(B) Consultation.— In prescribing any regulations authorized under this paragraph, the Secretary, acting through the Administrator, may consult with Federal agencies that have jurisdiction over Federal privacy laws or expertise in privacy, including the Federal Trade Commission, and Federal agencies that have jurisdiction over labor and employment issues, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the National Labor Relations Board.

(2) Government accountability office; library of congress.— The Comptroller General of the United States and the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe any regulations described in paragraph (1)(A) with respect to covered individuals of the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress, respectively, and other individuals affected by the Comptroller General of the United States and the Librarian of Congress, respectively.

(b) Employees covered by congressional accountability act of 1995.—

(1) Authority.— Not later than 45 days after the Secretary prescribes any regulation under subsection (a)(1)(A), the Board of Directors of the Office of Compliance shall prescribe (in accordance with section 304 of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1384)) such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this Act with respect to covered individuals described in section 2(7)(A)(iii) and other individuals affected by employers described in section 2(9)(A)(i)(III), including individuals who are covered individuals described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to such employers.

(2) Agency regulations.— The regulations prescribed under paragraph (1) shall be the same as substantive regulations promulgated by the Secretary under subsection (a)(1)(A) except insofar as the Board may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations prescribed under paragraph (1), that a modification of such regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections involved under this section.

(c) Employees covered by chapter 5 of title 3, united states code.—

(1) Authority.— Not later than 45 days after the Secretary prescribes any regulation under subsection (a)(1)(A), the President (or the designee of the President) shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this Act with respect to covered individuals described in section 2(7)(A)(iv) and other individuals affected by employers described in section 2(9)(A)(i)(IV), including individuals who are covered individuals described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to such employers.

(2) Agency regulations.— The regulations prescribed under paragraph (1) shall be the same as substantive regulations promulgated by the Secretary under subsection (a)(1)(A) except insofar as the President (or designee) may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations prescribed under paragraph (1), that a modification of such regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections involved under this section.

(d) Employees covered by chapter 63 of title 5, united states code.—

(1) Authority.— Not later than 45 days after the Secretary prescribes any regulation under subsection (a)(1)(A), the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this Act with respect to covered individuals described in section 2(7)(A)(v) and other individuals affected by employers described in section 2(9)(A)(i)(V), including individuals who are covered individuals described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to such employers.

(2) Agency regulations.— The regulations prescribed under paragraph (1) shall be the same as substantive regulations promulgated by the Secretary under subsection (a)(1)(A) except insofar as the Director may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations prescribed under paragraph (1), that a modification of such regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections involved under this section.

(a) In general.— An employer may not discriminate or retaliate (including through intimidation, threats, coercion, or harassment) against any covered individual of the employer—

(1) for exercising, or attempting to exercise, any right provided under this Act; or

(2) because the covered individual (or another individual acting at the request of the covered individual) has—

(A) made a written or oral complaint to the employer or a Federal, State, or local government entity of a violation of section 3, 4, or 5;

(B) sought assistance or intervention with respect to a worker privacy-related concern from the employer, a Federal, State, or local government, or a worker representative;

(C) instituted, caused to be instituted, or otherwise participated in any inquiry or proceeding under or related to this Act;

(D) given, or is about to give, any information in connection with any inquiry or proceeding relating to any right provided under this Act; or

(E) testified, or is about to testify, in any inquiry or proceeding relating to any right provided under this Act.

(b) Notice.— Each employer shall provide notice of the protections under subsection (a) to all covered individuals of the employer in a manner that is accessible and in plain language.

(a) In general.—

(1) Definition.— For purposes of this subsection:

(A) Covered individual.— The term covered individual means a covered individual—

(i) described in section 2(7)(A) (other than covered individuals described in clauses (iii) through (v) of such section); or

(ii) described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to an employer.

(B) Employer.— The term employer means an employer described in subclause (I) or (II) of section 2(9)(A)(i).

(2) Enforcement by the Worker Protection and Technology Division.—

(A) Investigation.—

(i) In general.— To ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act, or any regulation or order issued under this Act, the Secretary, acting through the Administrator—

(I) shall have the investigative authority provided under section 11(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 211(a)), with respect to employers, covered individuals, and third parties and service providers with respect to employers; and

(II) may require, by general or special orders, an employer or third party or service provider with respect to the employer, to file with the Secretary, in such form as the Secretary may prescribe, annual or special reports or answers in writing to specific questions, furnishing to the Secretary such information or records as the Secretary may require as to the organization, business, conduct, practices, management, and relation to other corporations, partnerships, and individuals, of the employer.

(ii) Reports and answers.— An employer or third party or service provider with respect to the employer shall file the reports and answers (including information and records) required under clause (i)(II) in such manner, including under oath or otherwise, and within such reasonable time period as the Secretary may require.

(iii) Joint investigations.— The Secretary, acting through the Administrator, may conduct investigations and make requests for information, as authorized under this Act, on a joint basis with another Federal agency, a State attorney general, or a State agency.

(iv) Obligation to keep, preserve, and make available records.— An employer or third party or service provider with respect to the employer shall make, keep, preserve, and make available to the Secretary records pertaining to compliance with this Act in accordance with section 11(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 211(c)) and in accordance with any regulation or order issued by the Secretary.

(B) Enforcement.— With respect to employers, covered individuals, and third parties and service providers with respect to employers, the Secretary, acting through the Administrator, shall receive, investigate, and attempt to resolve complaints of violations of section 3, 4, 5, or 8 in the same manner that the Secretary receives, investigates, and attempts to resolve complaints of violations of sections 6 and 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 206 and 207).

(C) Priority.— For purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B), the Secretary shall prioritize industries with high rates of employee data collection and at high risk of workplace-surveillance-related health impacts.

(D) Referral for criminal proceedings.— If the Secretary, in the course of the performance of any act or duty under this Act, obtains evidence that any employer has engaged in conduct that may constitute a violation of Federal criminal law, the Secretary shall refer the matter to the Attorney General for prosecution under any applicable law. Nothing in this paragraph shall affect any other authority of the Secretary to disclose information.

(E) Litigation.— The Solicitor of Labor may appear for and represent the Secretary on any litigation brought under this subsection.

(3) Private right of action.—

(A) In general.—

(i) Covered individual.— Notwithstanding any action by the Secretary under paragraph (2)(B), any covered individual adversely affected by an alleged violation of section 3, 4, 5, or 8, may commence a civil action against any person that violates such section in any Federal court of competent jurisdiction.

(ii) Labor organization.— Notwithstanding any action by the Secretary under paragraph (2)(B), any labor organization adversely affected by an alleged violation of 5 or 8 may commence a civil action against any person that violates such section in any Federal court of competent jurisdiction.

(B) Relief.—

(i) In general.— In a civil action brought under subparagraph (A) in which the covered individual or labor organization prevails, the court shall award the covered individual or labor organization—

(I) damages of not less than an amount equal to twice the sum of any actual damages sustained by the covered individual;

(II) statutory damages described in clause (iv);

(III) injunctive relief; and

(IV) equitable relief.

(ii) Attorney's fees.— In a civil action brought under subparagraph (A) in which the covered individual or labor organization prevails, the court shall award the covered individual or labor organization reasonable attorney's fees and litigation costs.

(iii) Temporary relief for whistleblowers.— In a civil action brought under subparagraph (A) regarding a violation of section 8, the court may award the covered individual or labor organization temporary relief while the case is pending, including reinstatement.

(iv) Statutory damages.— The court may, in accordance with clause (v), award statutory damages under clause (i)(II) against a person in the following amounts:

(I) Failure to comply with disclosure requirements.— For a violation of section 4 and section 8(b), the court may award—

(aa) for the first such violation, damages of an amount not more than $500 for each covered individual impacted; and

(bb) for any subsequent violation, damages for each covered individual impacted in an amount of not more than $500 more than the amount of the damages awarded per covered individual for the violation immediately preceding such subsequent violation.

(II) Violation of employee data minimization requirements or employee data accessibility requirements.— For each violation of section 3 or 5, the court may award—

(aa) damages of an amount not less than $5,000 and not more than $20,000; or

(bb) for any willful or repeated violation, damages of an amount not less than $10,000 and not more than $40,000.

(III) Retaliation on whistleblowers.— For each violation of section 8(a), the court may award—

(aa) damages of an amount not less than $5,000 and not more than $50,000; or

(bb) for any willful or repeated violation, damages of an amount not less than $10,000 and not more than $100,000.

(v) Considerations for statutory damages.— In determining the amount of statutory damages assessed under clause (iv), the court shall consider any relevant circumstances presented by the parties to the action, including—

(I) the nature and seriousness of the violation;

(II) the number of violations;

(III) the persistence of the misconduct;

(IV) the length of time over which the misconduct occurred;

(V) the willfulness of the misconduct of person; and

(VI) the assets, liabilities, and net worth of the person.

(C) Remedies for state employees.—

(i) Waiver of sovereign immunity.— A State’s receipt or use of Federal financial assistance for any program or activity of a State shall constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, under the 11th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States or otherwise, to a suit brought by a covered individual of that program or activity, or a labor organization representing such a covered individual, under this paragraph for equitable, legal, or other relief authorized under this paragraph.

(ii) Official capacity.— An official of a State may be sued in the official capacity of the official by any covered individual or such a labor organization who has complied with the procedures under this paragraph, for injunctive relief that is authorized under this paragraph. In such a suit the court may award to the prevailing party those costs authorized by section 722 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1988).

(iii) Applicability.— With respect to a particular program or activity, clause (i) applies to conduct that occurs—

(I) after the date of enactment of this Act; and

(II) on or after the day on which a State first receives or uses Federal financial assistance for that program or activity.

(iv) Definition of program or activity.— In this subparagraph, the term program or activity has the meaning given the term in section 606 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d–4a).

(D) Remedies for Tribal government employees.—

(i) Waiver of sovereign immunity.— A Tribal government's receipt or use of Federal financial assistance for any program or activity of the Tribal government shall constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity to a suit brought by a covered individual of that program or activity, or a labor organization representing such a covered individual, under this paragraph for equitable, legal, or other relief authorized under this paragraph.

(ii) Official capacity.— An official of a Tribal government may be sued in the official capacity of the official by any covered individual or such a labor organization who has complied with the procedures under this paragraph for injunctive relief that is authorized under this paragraph. In such a suit the court may award to the prevailing party those costs authorized by section 722 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1988).

(iii) Applicability.— With respect to a particular program or activity, clause (i) applies to conduct that occurs—

(I) after the date of enactment of this Act; and

(II) on or after the day on which a Tribal government first receives or uses Federal financial assistance for that program or activity.

(iv) Definition of program or activity.— In this subparagraph, the term program or activity has the meaning given the term in section 606 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d–4a).

(4) Enforcement by the government accountability office and library of congress.— Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, in the case of the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress, the authority of the Secretary under this subsection shall be exercised respectively by the Comptroller General of the United States and the Librarian of Congress, respectively.

(b) Employees covered by congressional accountability act of 1995.— The powers, remedies, and procedures provided in the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.) to the Board (as defined in section 101 of that Act (2 U.S.C. 1301)), or any person, alleging a violation of section 202(a)(1) of that Act (2 U.S.C. 1312(a)(1)) shall be the powers, remedies, and procedures this Act provides to that Board, or any person, with regard to an allegation of a violation of section 3, 4, 5, or 8 against a covered individual described in section 2(7)(A)(iii) or described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to an employer described in section 2(9)(A)(i)(III).

(c) Employees covered by chapter 5 of title 3, united states code.— The powers, remedies, and procedures provided in chapter 5 of title 3, United States Code, to the President, the Merit Systems Protection Board, or any person, alleging a violation of section 412(a)(1) of that title, shall be the powers, remedies, and procedures this Act provides to the President, that Board, or any person, respectively, with regard to an allegation of a violation of section 3, 4, 5, or 8 against a covered individual described in section 2(7)(A)(iv) or described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to an employer described in section 2(9)(A)(i)(IV).

(d) Employees covered by chapter 63 of title 5, united states code.— The powers, remedies, and procedures provided in title 5, United States Code, to an employing agency, provided in chapter 12 of that title to the Merit Systems Protection Board, or provided in that title to any person, alleging a violation of chapter 63 of that title, shall be the powers, remedies, and procedures this Act provides to that agency, that Board, or any person, respectively, with regard to an allegation of a violation of section 3, 4, 5, or 8 against a covered individual described in section 2(7)(A)(v) or described in section 2(7)(B) with respect to an employer described in section 2(9)(A)(i)(V).

(e) Enforcement by States.—

(1) In general.— In any case in which a State attorney general or a State privacy regulator has reason to believe that an interest of the residents of a State has been or is adversely affected by any person who violates any provision of section 3, 4, 5, or 8, including a regulation or order prescribed under this Act, the State attorney general or State privacy regulator, as parens patriae, may bring a civil action on behalf of the residents of the State in an appropriate State court or an appropriate district court of the United States to—

(A) enjoin further violation of such provision by the person;

(B) compel compliance with such provision;

(C) obtain damages, civil penalties, restitution, or other compensation on behalf of the residents of the State; or

(D) obtain reasonable attorney's fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred.

(2) Rights of agency.— Before initiating a civil action under paragraph (1), the State attorney general or State privacy regulator, as the case may be, shall notify the Secretary in writing of such civil action. Upon receiving such notice, the Secretary may—

(A) intervene in such action; and

(B) upon intervening—

(i) be heard on all matters arising in such civil action; and

(ii) file petitions for appeal of a decision in such action.

(3) Preemptive action by agency.— In any case in which a civil action is instituted by or on behalf of the Secretary for violation of this Act or a regulation promulgated under this Act, a State attorney general or State privacy regulator may not, during the pendency of such action, institute a civil action against any defendant named in the complaint in the action instituted by or on behalf of the Secretary for a violation that is alleged in such complaint. In a case brought by the Secretary that affects the interests of a State, the State attorney general or State privacy regulator may intervene as of right pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

(4) Preservation of State powers.— Except as provided in paragraph (3), no provision of this subsection shall be construed as altering, limiting, or affecting the authority of a State attorney general or State privacy regulator to—

(A) bring an action or other regulatory proceeding arising solely under the laws in effect in that State; or

(B) exercise the powers conferred on the State attorney general or State privacy regulator by the laws of the State, including the ability to conduct investigations, administer oaths or affirmations, or compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary or other evidence.

(f) Liability of an employer for a violation by a service provider that collect employee data.— A violation of section 3 by a service provider that collects employee data shall be considered a violation of such section by the employer if the employer knew or should have known about such violation.

(g) Arbitration and class action.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no predispute arbitration agreement or predispute joint-action waiver shall be valid or enforceable with respect to any alleged violation of section 3, 4, 5, or 8.

The Secretary, acting through the Administrator, shall—

(1) using technologists and subject matter experts, conduct a study on workplace surveillance and the collection of employee data about covered individuals by employers, including such workplace surveillance through technological means; and

(2) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, submit to Congress, and make publicly available, a report on the findings of the study under paragraph (1), including any recommendations for the President and Congress targeted at reducing harms related to workplace surveillance and the collection of employee data about covered individuals.

In carrying out this Act, the Secretary, acting through the Administrator, shall coordinate with any appropriate Federal agency or State regulator to promote consistent regulatory treatment of employee data.

Except as explicitly provided otherwise, nothing in this Act shall be construed to preempt, modify, limit, or supersede—

(1) any provision of Federal or State law; or

(2) the authority of the Federal Trade Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, National Labor Relations Board, or any other Federal agency.

If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act and the application of the provisions of such to all other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.